Genealogy Report HTML - Humphrey

>Genealogy Report HTML - Humphrey



Descendants of Henry Humphrey

Generation One

1. Henry1 Humphrey; b. circa 1715 at Ireland;1 m. Sarah (--?--) before 1747;2 d. Nov 1760 at Prince George Co, MD.3

Henry's will was written on Jan 30, 1760 and proved on Nov 28, 1760 so Henry had died by that date. In his will, he appoints his wife as executrix, names his seven children, and states that all of his children were under eighteen years of age. He divides his estate equally between his wife and children and leaves either one hundred acres of land or cash with which to buy land to his sons.4

Children of Henry1 Humphrey and Sarah (--?--) were as follows:

Generation Two

2. Thomas Talburtt2 Humphrey; b. 22 Feb 1759 at Prince George Co, MD;11 m. Margaret Burch 22 Nov 1781;12 d. circa 1830 at Caswell Co, NC.13

He Thomas' will is dated Sep 8, 1829 and it states that he is weak and infirm in body. He names his sons John Henson and Johnathan B joint executors of his estate. To his son Colmore, he leaves one dollar. To his son John Henson, he leaves a cow and a calf, a feather bed, and furniture. To his son Johnathan B, he leaves one dollar. He states that the remainder of his estate goes to his wife, Margaret and that after her death, it should be equally divided between his three daughters.14

Children of Thomas Talburtt2 Humphrey and Margaret Burch were as follows:

3. John2 Humphrey; b. 23 Jan 1757 at Prince George Co, MD;20 m. Susan Epperson before 1790;21 m. Betsey Wilkerson 18 Mar 1807 at Knox Co, TN;22,23 d. after 1830 at Anderson Co, TN.24

John volunteered for the Revolutionary War and served for five years. John moved from Prince George Co, MD to Virginia, to Surry Co, NC, and was living in Grainger Co, TN by 1799 in as much as he is listed on the tax rolls there. He was also listed on the Grainger Co, TN tax rolls in 1804, 1814, and 1821. John was picked to serve on a grand jury in Grainger Co, TN on Aug 15, 1803.25

Children of John2 Humphrey and Susan Epperson were as follows:

There were no children of John2 Humphrey and Betsey Wilkerson.

Generation Three

4. Nathaniel3 Humphrey; b. between 1790 and 1800 at VA;26 m. Elizabeth Young 13 Jul 1812 at Grainger Co, TN; George Moody Officiated;27 m. Elizabeth Weaver between 1840 and 1843;28 d. between 1861 and 1870 at TN.29

Nathaniel (he was known as Nathan) bought 200 acres of land in Grainger Co, TN from Joseph Owen on Nov 1, 1805. Based on Nathan's range of ages from census records, he would have been from five to fifteen years old when this transaction occurred. Nathan paid taxes on this 200 acres of land in 1810 and 1821. Nathan sold his land in Grainger Co to Jacob Kinder on Aug 22, 1822 (the same date as his father, John selling his land - evidently they sold their land together and moved to Anderson Co). Nathan had moved to Anderson County, TN by 1830 (as did John), was living in that county in 1840 and 1850, and had moved to Union County, TN in 1860.30

Children of Nathaniel3 Humphrey and Elizabeth Young were as follows:

Children of Nathaniel3 Humphrey and Elizabeth Weaver were as follows:

5. Nancy3 Humphrey; b. 3 Jan 1795 at VA;50 m. Elisha Disney before 1828 at TN;51 d;52 bur. at Old Beech Grove Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN - Unmarked Grave.53

Children of Nancy3 Humphrey and Elisha Disney all b. at TN were as follows:

6. Solomon3 Humphrey; b. Oct 1797;62 m. Sarah H Smith 17 Jun 1815 at Grainger Co, TN;63 d. 21 Sep 1874 at Greene Co, IN, at age 76;64 bur. at Terhune Cemetery, Greene Co, IN.65

He John's son Solomon purchased 48 ¾ acres of land in Shacly Hollow, Grainger Co, TN from William Arnold on Aug 14, 1807 (at age 10?). He sold a small tract of this land to David Manly on Sep 10, 1819. Solomon served in the War of 1812 in the Tennessee Militia in Captain John Howell's company, Colonel Samuel Burch's regiment. Solomon volunteered at Rutledge, Grainger Co, TN and musted into service on Jan 10, 1814 and was honorably discharged at Lookout Mountain, TN on Aug 1, 1814. Solomon was stationed at Fort Deposil in the Cherokee Nation and fought against the Creek Nation in the Horseshoe Battle on the Tallapoosie River. Solomon then returned to Fort Williams on the Coosie River where he was attached to the Company of Captain Joseph Duncan and remained there until his discharge. Solomon applied for and received a bounty of 80 acres of land in Indiana for his service. There was some confusion as to his discharge date (some documents recorded it as April 27, 1814 or May 17, 1814) and Solomon contested this date inasmuch as the August 1, 1814 discharge date would have entitled him to receive additional land. The disposition of the dispute is unknown. Solomon also applied for a war service pension on April 11, 1871 which was approved on Oct 30, 1871 and he received a pension of $8.00 per month retroactively beginning on Feb 14, 1871.

Solomon and his wife, Sarah moved to Monroe Co, IN in 1827, moved to Putnam Co, IN in 1830, and finally to Greene Co, IN in 1848 where they remained until their death.66

Children of Solomon3 Humphrey and Sarah H Smith were as follows:

7. Henson3 Humphrey; b. 1799 at Grainger Co, TN;95 m. Mary (Polly) Nosler circa 1820 at Anderson Co, TN;96 d. 1863 at Greene Co, IN.97

He John's son Henson bought 30 acres of land in Grainger Co, TN that shared a property line with Nathan Humphrey from Charles Gilbert on Dec 1, 1817. John, Nathan, and Solomon Humphrey witnessed this transaction. Henson was living in Anderson Co, TN in 1821 but had moved to Putnam Co, IN by 1826. He was of the Primitive Baptist Faith.98

Children of Henson3 Humphrey and Mary (Polly) Nosler were as follows:

8. William3 Humphrey; b. 1802 at Tennessee;122 m. Amy Weaver 22 Dec 1827 at Knox Co, TN; Amy Weaver was pregnant with her firstborn son, John in 1826 and William hadn't married her. William was in Texas at the time and Amy wrote to him to ask him to come home inasmuch as she was desparate and the church was having to help her. He sent a letter and told her that he was coming home. At one point, Amy filed suit against him and charged him with bastardry. He was ordered to pay $500 toward the upkeep of the child or go to jail. William and Amy were married shortly thereafter;123 d. 15 Jul 1879 at TN;124 bur. at Humphrey Cemetery, Anderson Co., Tennessee.125

He The 1830 census indicates that William and Amy had an additional daughter that was born between 1825 and 1830. Family tradition states that William and Amy had a daughter Sabrina (B 1843) and a daughter Peggy (B 1847 - D 1900 - married William Smith). Neither Sabrina or Peggy appear in any census records.

William's tombstone reads - "Asleep in Christ."126

Children of William3 Humphrey and Amy Weaver were as follows:

9. John3 Humphrey; b. circa 1820;127 m. Jane Weaver; d. between 1870 and 1880.128

He John's son John Jr lived in Anderson Co, TN in 1830, 1840, and 1850, and moved to Union Co, TN where he lived in 1860 and 1870. John sold 50 acres of land in Anderson Co, TN to his brother William in Feb 1832. This transaction was witnessed by Nathan Humphrey and Solomon Humphrey (who was living in Indiana (?)).129

Children of John3 Humphrey and Jane Weaver were as follows:

Generation Four

10. Thomas4 Humphrey; b. between 1823 and 1824 at TN;141 m. Mary Weaver 30 Aug 1857 at Anderson Co, TN; Moses B Wright, Justice of the Peace, officiated;142 m. Nancy Jane Wright 26 Jul 1866 at Union Co, TN; Marriage license also issued Jan 27, 1866 - No Return.143

Children of Thomas4 Humphrey and Mary Weaver both b. at TN were as follows:

Children of Thomas4 Humphrey and Nancy Jane Wright were:

11. Howard4 Humphrey; b. Mar 1823 at TN;146 m. Susannah Carden before 1858 at TN;147 d. 20 Jun 1911 at Andersonville, Anderson Co, TN, at age 88 Howard died of dropsy Medical: Died at Albert Weaver's home. Death certificate signed by Dr. William Lincoln Carden, born Clinton 11/28/1864, died 11/3/1938 at St. Marys Hospital, Knoxville TN. Recorded by W B Disney;148,149 bur. at Warwick Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.150,151

Children of Howard4 Humphrey and Susannah Carden were as follows:

12. Henson4 Humphrey; b. 1827 at TN;158 d. 2 Aug 1858 at TN.159

He Nathan's son Henson married Jane P (maiden name unknown) (B Jan 23, 1835 in TN - both parents born in NC) about 1857 and Henson died on Aug 2, 1858 shortly before the birth of his only child; Hillery (B Oct 22, 1858 in TN). Jane and Hillery were living with Nathan in 1860. Moses B Wright was the administrator of Henson's estate and he, along with Nathan Humphrey, transferred a deed of the late Henson Humphrey to Hillery on Feb 25, 1861 for 40 acres of land in Union Co, District #7 (at the time of Henson's death, this land was located in Anderson Co, District #1). Henson's wife Jane remarried to this Moses B Wright (B Oct 22, 1811 in TN - both parents born in NC) on Aug 30, 1862. Hillery continued living with his grandparents after Jane's marriage to Moses.

Henson's son Hillery sold the tract of 40 acres of land that he had inherited from his father in 1861 to Bradford Weaver on Oct 23, 1879. This was one day after Hillery's 21st birthday so evidently, the land was in trust until he reached that age. Parties involved or who shared a property line were Nathan Humphrey, Henson Humphrey (deceased), Thomas Humphrey, and E B Wright. The transfer was witnessed by Robert J Wright and J R Wright.160

Children of Henson4 Humphrey and Jane Primrose Irick were:

13. Margaret4 Humphrey; b. 1828 at TN;164 m. Wiley Smith 9 Jan 1848 at Anderson Co, TN;165 d. between 1850 and 1859.166

Children of Margaret4 Humphrey and Wiley Smith all b. at TN were as follows:

14. Lucinda4 Humphrey; b. Aug 1833 at TN;173 m. Wiley Smith 18 Dec 1859 at Anderson Co, TN;174 d. after 1910.175

Children of Lucinda4 Humphrey and Wiley Smith both b. at TN were as follows:

15. Henly4 Humphrey; b. 1838 at TN;178,179 m. Elizabeth Bird (Betsie) Ezell 28 Sep 1860 at TN;180,181 d. 16 Nov 1914 at TN;182 bur. at Salem Baptist Church Cemetery, Halls, Knox Co, TN.183,184

He and Elizabeth Bird (Betsie) Ezell Moses B Wright, Justice of the Peace, officiated.185

Children of Henly4 Humphrey and Elizabeth Bird (Betsie) Ezell all b. at TN were as follows:

16. Hillery4 Humphrey; b. 10 Jan 1843 at TN;201 m. Louise Catherine Childress 8 Mar 1868 at Knox Co, TN;202 d. 24 May 1917 at Anderson Co, TN, at age 74;203 bur. at Leach Cemetery, Lake City, TN.204,205

He Nathan's son Hillery enlisted in the Union Army on Nov 8, 1864 at Clinton, TN to serve a one year tour of duty in the Civil War. He mustered into service at Nashville, TN on May 5, 1865 as a private in Company I of the 7th TN Volunteer Mounted Infantry. Captain Charles W Cross commanded this unit. Hillery's enlistment papers state that he was six feet tall, had a fair complexion, dark hair, and blue eyes. Hillery applied for and received a pension following the war.

In 1920, Hillery was living on Railroad Street in Coal Creek, TN.206

Children of Hillery4 Humphrey and Louise Catherine Childress were as follows:

17. Charles4 Humphrey; b. between 1848 and 1854 at TN;220 m. Louisa Raines 22 Feb 1870;221,222 d. 19 May 1929;223 bur. at Wilson Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.224,225

Children of Charles4 Humphrey and Louisa Raines were:

18. Elijah4 Disney; b. 5 Jul 1821 at TN;228 m. Kindness B Walker 1 Jul 1841 at Anderson Co, TN;229 d. 6 Jul 1885 at Coal Creek, TN, at age 64.230

He and Kindness B Walker Rev. C H Boatwright officiated.231

Children of Elijah4 Disney and Kindness B Walker all b. at TN were as follows:

19. John4 Disney; b. between 1826 and 1828 at TN;247 m. Sarah Smith 28 Jul 1850 at Anderson Co, TN;248 d.249

Children of John4 Disney and Sarah Smith were as follows:

20. Samuel David4 Disney; b. 27 Aug 1832 at TN;269 m. Permelia Andrews 14 Sep 1856 at Anderson Co, TN;270 d. 11 Feb 1909 at age 76;271 bur. at Disney Cemetery, Campbell Co, TN.272

He and Permelia Andrews Rev. Rick officiated.273

Children of Samuel David4 Disney and Permelia Andrews all b. at TN were as follows:

21. Elisha4 Disney; b. 6 Mar 1835 at TN;292 m. Nancy A Andrews 6 Jul 1856 at Anderson Co, TN;293 d. 20 Dec 1914 at age 79;294 bur. at Old Beech Grove Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.295

He Elisha served in the Union Army in the Civil War - Co E, 2nd TN Inf.296

Children of Elisha4 Disney and Nancy A Andrews all b. at TN were as follows:

22. Martha Serepta4 Disney; b. between 1840 and 1841 at TN;311 m. Robert Andrews 15 Aug 1858 at Anderson Co, TN;312 d.313

She and Robert Andrews Rev. Rick officiated.314

Children of Martha Serepta4 Disney and Robert Andrews all b. at TN were as follows:

23. John M4 Humphrey; b. 8 Mar 1828 at Monroe Co, IN;323 m. Ruth S Rhoads;324 m. Emeline Ballow 30 Aug 1855 at IN;325 m. Jennie E Temple 20 Apr 1871 at IN;326 d. 17 Jan 1897 at Sullivan Co, IN, at age 68;327 bur. at Center Ridge Cemetery.328

He Solomon's son John M served as a Major in the Indiana Militia. He later studied medicine from 1847 to 1850 and practiced as a physician until 1861. He began a career as a lawyer in 1861 and continued that career through his lifetime. He was a Democrat and served in the Indiana House of Representatives from Greene Co in 1863 and 1865 and in the Indiana State Senate from Greene and Owen Co in 1867 and 1869. He served as Greene Co Clerk from 1855 to 1859 and was also a Township Trustee and Justice of the Peace. He was a member of the Disciples of Christ Church.329

Children of John M4 Humphrey and Ruth S Rhoads were:

Children of John M4 Humphrey and Emeline Ballow were:

There were no children of John M4 Humphrey and Jennie E Temple.

24. John4 Humphrey; b. between 1822 and 1827;335 m. Martha A. (--?--).336

Children of John4 Humphrey and Martha A. (--?--) all b. at Tennessee were as follows:

25. James4 Humphrey; b. between 1825 and 1830 at Tennessee;341 m. Catherine (--?--);342 m. Mary (--?--) circa 1855.343

There were no children of James4 Humphrey and Catherine (--?--).

Children of James4 Humphrey and Mary (--?--) all b. at Tennessee were as follows:

26. Mary Anne4 Humphrey; b. between 1831 and 1832 at Tennessee;347 m. Robert Brantley 6 Jan 1853 at Anderson Co., Tennessee.348

Children of Mary Anne4 Humphrey and Robert Brantley were as follows:

27. Martha Ann4 Humphrey; b. 17 Jul 1833 at Tennessee;363 d. 11 Jan 1906 at age 72;364 bur. at Humphrey Cemetery, Anderson Co., Tennessee.365

Children of Martha Ann4 Humphrey and an unknown spouse were:

28. Malinda4 Humphrey; b. between 1838 and 1840 at Tennessee;366 m. Arthur Boruff 5 Aug 1858 at Anderson Co., Tennessee.367

Children of Malinda4 Humphrey and Arthur Boruff all b. at Tennessee were as follows:

29. Elizabeth Ellen4 Humphrey; b. between 1840 and 1843 at Tennessee;371 m. Andrew J. Boruff 7 Aug 1859 at Anderson Co., Tennessee.372

Children of Elizabeth Ellen4 Humphrey and Andrew J. Boruff all b. at Tennessee were as follows:

30. William4 Humphrey; b. May 1840 at Tennessee;378 m. Sarah M. Carroll 14 Nov 1853 at Anderson Co., Tennessee.379

Children of William4 Humphrey and Sarah M. Carroll were as follows:

31. Tabitha N.4 Humphrey; Middle initial could be A; b. Dec 1847 at Tennessee;382 m. William Evans 17 Mar 1870 at Anderson Co., Tennessee;383 m. Hugh Graham 7 Sep 1890 at Anderson Co., Tennessee.384

Children of Tabitha N.4 Humphrey and William Evans both b. at Tennessee were as follows:

There were no children of Tabitha N.4 Humphrey and Hugh Graham.

32. Houston4 Humphrey; b. Apr 1848 at Tennessee;387 m. Mahalia Boruff 8 Sep 1864 at Campbell Co., Tennessee;388 m. Catherine E. (--?--) circa 1905.389

Children of Houston4 Humphrey and Mahalia Boruff were as follows:

There were no children of Houston4 Humphrey and Catherine E. (--?--).

33. William Riley4 Humphrey; b. 21 May 1840; m. Peaney Irick, daughter of Crawford Irick and Mary Jane Snodderly, 20 Mar 1866; Hugh Aylor minister, Cynthia Wright bm;401 m. Nancy Jane Long, daughter of Joseph Long and Melvina Weaver, 27 Nov 1890 at Anderson Co., Tennessee;402 d. 28 Mar 1897 at age 56.

Children of William Riley4 Humphrey and Peaney Irick were as follows:

Children of William Riley4 Humphrey and Nancy Jane Long were as follows:

Generation Five

34. Dosha5 Humphrey; b. Apr 1862 at TN;403 m. James H. Flatford 25 Apr 1886 at Union Co, TN;404 d. 9 Sep 1931 at age 69.405

Children of Dosha5 Humphrey and James H. Flatford both b. at TN were as follows:

35. Moses Thomas5 Humphrey; b. 13 Apr 1869 at TN;410 m. Frances C. Graham before 1916;411 d. 12 Aug 1934 at age 65;412 bur. at Sartin Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.413

Children of Moses Thomas5 Humphrey and Frances C. Graham were as follows:

36. Emeline5 Humphrey; b. 31 Oct 1858 at TN;434 m. John H. Stokes 9 Nov 1876 at Anderson Co, TN;435 d. 11 Nov 1913 at TN at age 55;436 bur. at Warwick Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.437,438

She Living with Emeline/Johnny and Lucinda/Houston in 1880 was a Peter Childress (age 20 - farmer) and his wife Delilah L (age 22).439

Children of Emeline5 Humphrey and an unknown spouse were:

Children of Emeline5 Humphrey and John H. Stokes were as follows:

37. Lucinda J5 Humphrey; b. between 1861 and 1862 at TN;468 m. Samuel Houston Stokes 15 Jun 1879 at TN;469 m. Henry F Curnutt 10 Sep 1886 at Anderson Co, TN;470,471 d. before 1900.472

She When the census taker stopped by the household of John H Stokes on June 1, 1880, Johnny and his wife Emeline were living in the same household with Lucinda and her husband Houston. When the census taker stopped by the household of Howard Humphrey on June 19, 1880, Lucinda was back living at home and listed as both married and single. Had Lucinda and Houston separated? If so, they must have gotten back together because they had a child in 1881.473

Children of Lucinda J5 Humphrey and Samuel Houston Stokes were:

There were no children of Lucinda J5 Humphrey and Henry F Curnutt.

38. Frazier5 Humphrey; b. 14 Feb 1864 at Anderson Co, TN;476 m. Sarah Luda Bell 29 Sep 1887 at Anderson Co, TN;477 d. 2 Sep 1901 at Anderson Co, TN, at age 37; Typhoid Fever or Pneumonia.478,479

He and Sarah Luda Bell Rev William Petree officiating.480,481

Children of Frazier5 Humphrey and Sarah Luda Bell were as follows:

39. Jane5 Humphrey; b. 14 Feb 1864 at TN;484 m. Rev. George Loy 1883 at TN;485 d. 12 Apr 1941 at TN at age 77;486 bur. at Mt Olive Baptist Church Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.487,488

She Per Brenda Foster, there is also a Jane Humphries who married a M B Wright in Anderson Co on Aug 30, 1862.489

Children of Jane5 Humphrey and Rev. George Loy were as follows:

40. Manervia Emeline5 Smith; b. 2 May 1863 at TN;501 m. Samuel Martin 23 Feb 1882 at Anderson Co, TN;502,503 d. 6 Sep 1932 at age 69;504 bur. at Leach Cemetery, Lake City, TN.505

Children of Manervia Emeline5 Smith and Samuel Martin were as follows:

41. Anna5 Humphrey; b. 6 Jan 1869 at TN;523 m. Charles R Hatmaker 25 Oct 1888 at Anderson Co, TN;524 d. 27 Aug 1944 at age 75;525 bur. at Leach Cemetery, Lake City, TN.526

Children of Anna5 Humphrey and Charles R Hatmaker were as follows:

42. Maggie5 Humphrey; b. 11 Feb 1871 at TN;535 m. John T Weatherford 9 Jun 1889 at Anderson Co, TN;536 d.537

Children of Maggie5 Humphrey and John T Weatherford all b. at TN were as follows:

43. Sarah Ida5 Humphrey; b. 7 Jul 1875 at TN;548 m. Sherman Massengill before 1897;549 m. Foster Wheeler Miller 14 Feb 1903 at TN;550 d. 12 Jan 1955 at age 79;551 bur. at Leach Cemetery, Lake City, TN.552

Children of Sarah Ida5 Humphrey and Sherman Massengill were:

Children of Sarah Ida5 Humphrey and Foster Wheeler Miller were as follows:

44. Rose5 Humphrey; b. 15 Oct 1877 at TN;570 m. Charles E Harmon 20 Nov 1900 at Anderson Co, TN;571 d. 30 Apr 1964 at age 86;572 bur. at Longfield Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.573

Children of Rose5 Humphrey and Charles E Harmon both b. at TN were as follows:

45. Jane (Jennie)5 Humphrey; b. 19 Sep 1878 at TN;578 m. FNU Godfrey;579 m. William G McKamey 19 May 1894 at Anderson Co, TN;580 d.581

There were no children of Jane (Jennie)5 Humphrey and FNU Godfrey.

Children of Jane (Jennie)5 Humphrey and William G McKamey both b. at TN were as follows:

46. Della Gertrude5 Humphrey; b. 21 Nov 1891 at TN;586 m. John W Daniels 26 Dec 1910 at Anderson Co, TN; Ref #See notes.; Della's original marriage record is listed under the name "Blandell" Humphrey. The record was changed to Della Humphrey by a court order on Aug 25, 1950. This was shortly after the death of her husband, evidently she was having some difficulty;587 d. 1959;588 bur. at Leach Cemetery, Lake City, TN.589

She and John W Daniels W L Wilson, Justice of the Peace officiated.590

Children of Della Gertrude5 Humphrey and John W Daniels were as follows:

47. Samuel5 Disney; b. 24 Feb 1861 at Campbell Co, TN;599 m. Susan A Sharp 2 Mar 1882 at Anderson Co, TN;600 d. 19 May 1902 at Fraterville, Anderson Co, TN, at age 41; Fraterville coal mine explosion;601 bur. at Leach Cemetery, Anderson Co, TN.602

He and Susan A Sharp Rev. William Hibbs officiated.603

Children of Samuel5 Disney and Susan A Sharp were as follows:

48. Samuel5 Humphrey; b. 29 Oct 1865 at Tennessee;615 m. Laura Roas Dyer 12 Dec 1888;616 d. 23 Mar 1930 at Anderson Co., Tennessee, at age 64;617 bur. at Humphrey Cemetery, Anderson Co., Tennessee.618

Children of Samuel5 Humphrey and Laura Roas Dyer all b. at Tennessee were as follows:

49. Rozzey5 Boruff; b. between 1867 and 1868 at Tennessee;628 m. J. M. Copps.629

Children of Rozzey5 Boruff and J. M. Copps were:

50. Prior L.5 Humphrey; b. Dec 1864 at Tennessee;633 m. Rebecca A. (Becey) Long, daughter of Joseph Long and Melvina Weaver, 14 May 1884 at Anderson Co., Tennessee.634

Children of Prior L.5 Humphrey and Rebecca A. (Becey) Long were as follows: